System and method for the dynamic resolution change for video encoding

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method, system and computer program product for the predictive encoding of digital video sequences. The objectives of the invention are accomplished by dynamically determining the resolution of a current frame being encoded and outputting the determination. The determination process is based on statistical and coding information of a plurality of frames, including at least one previous frame and the current frame. Further, general encoding parameters and the encoding parameters of a current frame at a chosen resolution are determined, wherein the encoding parameter selection step takes into account the determination of the dynamic resolution determination step in determining the encoding parameters.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present invention is a continuation application of co-pending U.S.patent application Ser. No. 10/767,597.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to digital video encoding generally, andmore particularly to digital video encoding in which dynamic resolutionswitching is used to predictively encode a digital video bitstream.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Video encoding algorithms are typically constrained in the total bitrateallowed (as is the case for variable bitrate video) or in the averagebitrate allowed (constant bitrate video) for encoding the video stream.Thus, a video encoder cannot use a large number of bits (i.e.appreciably larger than the average bitrate) to encode each of a longsequence of successive frames. For example, for the case of constantbitrate video, a finite buffer, present at the decoder, is used to storeencoded frames before they are displayed. In this case, the maximumnumber of bits that can be used to encode the current frame is bounded.This is because if a frame uses too many bits the decoder buffers canunderflow, leading to a situation where the decoder has to delay or dropfuture frames.

The encoder controls the number of bits used to encode a frame byappropriately selecting encoding parameters such as the quantizationscale. If the number of bits available for encoding the current frame islow, the encoder uses a high quantization scale to reduce the bitrateused for encoding the frame. However, if too high a quantization scaleis used to encode a frame unnatural artifacts appear when the frame isreconstructed at the decoder. Depending on the magnitude of thequantization scale used, these artifacts may cause an appreciable lossin the perceived quality of the video stream.

Dynamically reduced resolution can be used, as an alternative to using ahigh quantization scale, to lower the number of bits used to encode aframe. Reduction in the resolution of a frame prior to encoding (termedreduced resolution mode encoding) allows the frame to be encoded in alesser number of bits as compared to the original. The MPEG-4 videostandard, for example, provides a reduced resolution mode, which can beused to encode video frames at a low bitrate.

Encoding at a reduced resolution is preferable to encoding at a veryhigh quantization scale, from the point of view of perceptual quality ofthe reconstructed video frame, The reason being is that encoding at areduced resolution causes uniform blurring as opposed to thecharacteristic blocky artifacts caused by encoding at too high aquantization scale. However, deciding when to encode at reducedresolution is not straightforward. Often, encoding at moderately highquantization scales may produce reconstructions of better quality thanif reduced resolution were used. This is especially true when thespatial and temporal complexity of the frame is not high enough to maskthe effects of reduced resolution. Thus, it is inadvisable to encodeframe sequences with little motion at low resolution.

Another significant issue is that of the temporal distortion caused byencoding successive frames at different resolutions. Repeatedlyswitching resolution modes is inadvisable, it may be better to use thesame resolution mode as preceding frames even if it provides inferiorreconstruction for the frame on a stand-alone basis. It is thereforeimperative that any resolution selection method ensures that reducedresolution is only used when it can be suitably masked and thatresolution modes do not switch repeatedly in a short duration.

An example of an encoding method aimed at selection of a judiciousresolution mode for encoding a particular image in a sequence of imagesis disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,262,855. In this prior-art system (FIG.1), the encoder encodes a frame at a lower resolution if it detectscomplex motion, fade and dissolve conditions, high quantization scale orhigh estimated decoding time. The prior-art system suffers from thefollowing limitations: It switches to a reduced resolution mode if anyone of the above-mentioned conditions occurs. Hence the presence of fastmotion in the video stream would cause the encoder to switch to lowresolution even if the decoder buffer level is high (for the case ofconstant bitrate video discussed above). Thus, considering the aboveconditions individually in selecting the resolution, this technique isnot adequate because a function that embodies a combination of the aboveconditions is required. A second limitation of the above-mentionedsystem is that it does not address the problem of temporal distortioncaused by switches in the encoding resolution. Since the system does nottake the resolution mode history of previous frames into account, thereis a significant possibility that the encoder may oscillate betweendifferent resolution modes.

An example of an encoding apparatus aimed at the design of a resolutionselection controller is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,222. In thisprior art system, the quantizer step size, amount of data coded andbuffer occupancy of a previous frame are employed to select theresolution of the current frame being encoded. However, this system hasthe following limitations: The prior-art system uses statisticalinformation from only one previous frame to make the resolutionselection decision. However, it is known that accurate estimation ofstatistical information of a video bitstream requires incorporation ofstatistics over a plurality of frames. Estimating such information fromjust one previous frame is liable to be inaccurate since video framestypically exhibit diverse statistical behavior Further, many videoeffects such as gradual scene changes, which have importantramifications on the encoding resolution selected, can only be detectedby studying the statistical behavior over several successive frames.

Further, the prior-art system embodied in U.S. Pat. No. 5,805,222 (asillustrated in FIG. 2) does not consider the amount of motion present,while selecting the encoding resolution. The encoding resolutionselected should depend on the presence (or absence) of motion, sincemotion effectively masks the blurring distortion present in lowresolution video. In the absence of motion, it is advisable to avoidcoding at low resolution, since it causes visually perceptibledistortion. The prior-art system uses the amount of coded data, in lieuof a motion estimate, in selecting the encoding resolution. However theamount of coded data is a poor estimate of motion. For example, a framein a still scene may, nevertheless, have a large amount of coded data,if the immediately prior frame (with respect to which the current frameis predicitively encoded) was coded poorly. Thus the prior-art systemmay code low motion sequences at low resolution causing appreciabledistortion.

When the statistical information of the current (and future) frames isnot considered, the system is vulnerable to estimation errors. Thisoccurs, for example, when the current frame marks a scene change. Whenthe current and previous frames belong to different scenes, thestatistical behavior of the previous frame is not a good indicator ofthe advisability of encoding the current frame in low resolution mode.Certain encoding algorithms employ a look-ahead estimation of thestatistics of future frames, which may be used to circumvent thedescribed problem. Further disclosed in the prior art is a function of aproduct of the amount of data being coded, wherein the quantizationscale is used to switch from high resolution mode to low resolution modeas well as from low resolution mode to high resolution mode withdifferent preset thresholds. However, the use of the same function forboth modal resolution decisions is not adequate.

The switch from high resolution to low resolution mode should be donewhen the number of bits available for encoding the current and futureframes is low. On the other hand, the switch from low resolution back tohigh resolution mode should be done only when there is certainty thatthis switch will not cause reversion to low resolution mode immediatelyin the future. Thus the objective functions used to make the decisionsneed to be significantly different. For example, additional parameterssuch as the scene-change history need to be considered when switchingfrom low resolution to high resolution mode.

It is an object of the present invention to provide an improved methodfor dynamic resolution switching which uses an estimate of the motion toprovide distortion masking and which avoids the problems of inaccuratestatistical estimation and repeated switching of resolution modes. It isa further object of the present invention to provide an improved codingmethod, which determines encoding parameters after taking into accountthe resolution of the current and previous frames being encoded.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a method, system and computer programproduct for the predictive encoding of a digital video bitstream by theuse of dynamic resolution switching to ensure a good quality videoreconstruction. Resolution switching, as the name suggests, implieschanging the resolution of the output encoded video bitstream.Resolution change is provided by encoding the current frame at highresolution if the preceding frames were encoded at low resolution, orencoding the current frame at low resolution if the preceding frameswere encoded at high resolution.

An embodiment of the present invention relates to a method forpredictively encoding digital video sequences, wherein the methodcomprises the step of dynamically selecting the resolution of a currentframe being encoded, the selection being based on statistical and codinginformation of a plurality of frames. Further, the selection stepincludes analyzing the statistical and coding information from at leastone previous frame and the current frame, the statistical informationincluding scene-change information and estimated motion information, andthe coding information including a measure of the quantization used bythe frames and a measure of the availability of bits. The method furthercomprises the step of selecting encoding parameters and encoding acurrent frame at a chosen resolution, wherein the selection proceduretakes into account the output of the dynamic resolution selection stepin determining the encoding parameters.

A further embodiment of the present invention relates to a system forthe predictive encoding of digital video sequences. The system comprisesa dynamic resolution switch controller means for the dynamic selectionof the resolution of a current frame being encoded, wherein theselection is based on the statistical and coding information of aplurality of frames. Additionally included in the resolution analyses isthe statistical and coding data from at least one previous frame and thecurrent frame, the statistical information including scene-changeinformation and estimated motion information, and the coding informationincluding a measure of the quantization used by the frames and a measureof the availability of bits. Further, the system comprises a coder meansfor the selection of encoding parameters and encoding of a current frameat a chosen resolution, the coder means taking into account the outputof the dynamic resolution switch controller means in determining theencoding parameters.

A yet further embodiment of the present invention relates to a computerprogram product for predictively encoding digital video sequences,comprising a computer-usable medium carrying thereon a means fordynamically selecting the resolution of the current frame being encoded,the selection being based on the statistical and coding information of aplurality of frames, including at least one previous frame and thecurrent frame. The statistical information includes scene-changeinformation and estimated motion information; the coding informationadditionally includes a measure of the quantization used by the framesand a measure of the availability of bits. Further, the computer programproduct comprises a means for selecting encoding parameters and encodinga current frame at a chosen resolution, the means taking into accountthe output of the means for dynamically selecting the resolution of thecurrent frame being encoded in determining the encoding parameters.

Additional embodiments of the present invention may utilize codinginformation that includes a measure of the quantization used by theframes and a measure of the availability of bits, wherein thestatistical and coding information is generated by a previous run of acoder means.

The objects, advantages and features of the present invention willbecome more apparent when reference is made to the following descriptiontaken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

The accompanying drawings illustrate one or more embodiments of theinvention and, together with the written description, serve to explainthe principles of the invention. Wherever possible, the same referencenumbers are used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or likeelements of an embodiment, and wherein:

FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating a prior-art encoding system for theselection of a resolution mode for encoding a particular image in asequence of images.

FIG. 2 is a diagram illustrating a prior-art encoding system for theselection of a resolution mode for encoding a particular frame in adigital video.

FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an embodiment of a system of thepresent invention.

FIG. 3A is a flow diagram illustrating a method for predictivelyencoding digital video sequences.

FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating the operation of an embodiment of theresolution switch controller.

FIG. 5 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of an embodiment ofthe frame statistic computer.

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating the operation of an embodiment ofthe frame statistic gatherer.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Embodiments of the invention are described below in detail. Thedisclosed embodiments are intended to be illustrative only, sincenumerous modifications and variations therein will be apparent to thoseof ordinary skill in the art. In reference to the drawings, like numberswill indicate like parts continuously throughout the views.

The present invention is initially described in reference to FIG. 3. Anexemplary embodiment of the present invention relates to a system forthe predictive encoding of digital video sequences 300. The system 300comprises a dynamic resolution switch controller means 10 for thedynamic selection of the resolution of a current frame being encoded,wherein the selection is based on the statistical and coding informationof a plurality of frames. The current frame refers to the frame which isto be encoded next, that is, the frame whose encoding parameters arebeing determined at the current time interval.

Additionally included in the resolution analyses is the statistical andcoding data from at least one previous frame and the current frame, thestatistical information including scene-change information and estimatedmotion information, and the coding information including a measure ofthe quantization used by the frames and a measure of the availability ofbits. Further, the system 300 comprises a coder means 30 for theselection of encoding parameters and encoding of a current frame at achosen resolution, the coder means talking into account the output ofthe dynamic resolution switch controller means 10 in determining theencoding parameters.

The resolution switch controller means 10 uses one of two differentmethods to determine when the resolution of the output encoded videobitstream should be switched, depending on the resolution at which thevideo is being presently encoded. The critical factors in determiningwhen to switch from high resolution to low resolution include theavailability of bits (or the likelihood of decoder buffer underflow inthe case of constant bitrate video), the expected magnitude ofquantization scale required to prevent the overflow and the amount ofmotion present that can provide distortion masking for low resolutionencoded video frames.

The critical factors in determining when to switch from low resolutionto high resolution include the amount of masking motion present, theexpected value of quantization scale if such a switch is made and thelikelihood of oscillation if such a switch is made, that is, thelikelihood that such a switch will need to be followed by reversion tolow resolution mode in the near future. The likelihood of oscillation,in turn, depends on the decoder buffer level and the scene changestatistics of the preceding frames. Accordingly, the different methodsfor resolution switching use the above-mentioned criteria as a basis fordetermining the resolution required for encoding, depending on whetherthe current resolution mode is high resolution mode or low resolutionmode.

The presently described exemplary embodiment further provides for theregulation of the encoding parameters used by the coder means 30, basedon the output of the resolution switch controller means 10. Inparticular, when the resolution switch controller means 10 determines aswitch in resolution is required, the current frame is encoded as ascene change frame, inasmuch as non-predictive coding of the frame isfavored over predictive coding. Further, the statistics of the currentframe are assumed to be significantly different from the statistics ofthe preceding frames, and the quantization scale and bitrate allocatedto the frame are accordingly computed. Further, the quantization scaleand the bitrate allocated to the frame are lesser than the correspondingallocations to a ‘true’ scene change frame, that is, a scene change thatis not caused by a resolution switch.

The embodiment of FIG. 3 additionally features a current frame extractermeans 70 which extracts the current frame to be encoded from the inputdigital video. The output S1 of the means is applied to the framestatistics computer means 80 that computes the statistics of the currentframe, including inter-pixel difference, the predicted quantizationscale, and the motion estimate.

The frame statistics computer means 80 determines if the current frameis suitably different from the previous frame as to mark a scene change.To enable the determination, the frame buffer means 90 stores one ormore preceding frames and the output signal S2 of the frame buffer means90 is applied to the frame statistics computer means 80.

The frame statistic gatherer means 50 gathers the statistics of aplurality of preceding frames. The statistics include the motionestimates, the decoder buffer level, the inter-pixel differences and thequantization scales used for encoding a plurality of preceding frames.The input signals applied to the frame statistics gatherer means 50include the output signal S7 from the delay latch means 95, the outputsignal S4 from the resolution statistics gatherer means 40, and theoutput signal S5 from the coder means 30.

The output signal S7 is generated by delaying the output signal S3 fromframe statistics computer means 80 by the duration of one frame. Thesignal S3 carries statistics from frame statistics computer means 80,including the motion estimate of the current frame and the value of theinter-pixel difference for the current frame. The aforementioned outputsignal S4 carries the resolution statistics gathered by the resolutionstatistics gatherer means 40, including the resolutions at which aplurality of preceding frames was encoded. The output signal S5 carriesthe coded statistics from the coder means 30 including the quantizationscales used to encode a plurality of preceding frames and the decoderbuffer level. The scene-change history buffer means 60 stores the framenumbers for a plurality of preceding frames which marked scene changes.The output signal S6 from frame statistics computer means 80 carries thescene change information for the current frame. The output signal S6 isapplied to the delay latch means 95, and the resultant delayed outputsignal S8 is applied to the scene-change history buffer means 60.

As described above, the resolution switch controller means 10 selectsthe resolution at which the current video frame should be encoded. Theinputs applied to the resolution switch controller means 10 are theoutput signal S9 from the frame statistic gatherer means 50, the outputsignal S10 from the scene-change history buffer means 60 and the outputsignal S11 from the frame statistics computer means 80. The forementioned output signal S9 carries the statistics for a plurality ofpreceding frames, including motion estimates, quantization scales usedfor encoding, resolution statistics and the decoder buffer level. Theoutput signal S10 carries the scene-change statistics, namely the framenumbers at which preceding scene-changes occurred.

In an exemplary embodiment the output signal S80 may simply carry theframe number at which the immediately preceding scene-change occurred(or equivalently, the frame number at which the current scene started).In an alternative embodiment, the signal may contain information aboutmultiple preceding scene-changes, such that gradual scene-change effects(such as wipes and fades) can be detected and used by the resolutionswitch controller. The output signal S11 carries the frame statisticsfor the current frame from the frame statistics computer means 80,including the motion estimate and the predicted quantization scale forthe current frame. The statistical information contained in signal 811differs from that in signal S9, in that signal S11 contains statisticalinformation for the current frame. Since the frame statistics gatherermeans 50 only receives the current frame statistical information (viasignal S7) after the delay of one frame duration (which delay is inducedby the delay latch means 95), signal S9 only contains statisticalinformation for preceding frames.

On the basis of the abovementioned-received statistics, the resolutionswitch controller 10 determines the advisability of switching theresolution (from high to low resolution, or from low to high resolution)of the output encoded video stream. The decision of the resolutionswitch controller 10 is communicated via output signal S12 to theresolution reduction means 20, the coder means 30 and the resolutionstatistic gatherer means 40. In the event that the output video streamhas to be encoded at a low resolution, the resolution reduction means 20reduces the resolution of the current frame through a process offiltering and sub-sampling. An exemplary embodiment of the process is touse an n*n averaging mask (where n is a constant integer) at each pixelof the current frame and to then down-sample the resultant frame by afactor of n in both vertical and horizontal dimensions.

Resolution reduction is required in two cases. The first case is whenthe immediately preceding frame was encoded at a low resolution and theresolution switch controller determines that a resolution switch is notrequired. The second case is when the immediately preceding frame wasencoded at a high resolution and the resolution switch controllerdetermines that a resolution switch is required. In the case when thecurrent frame is to be encoded at its original resolution, theresolution reduction means 20 simply allows the frame to pass throughunchanged.

The coder means 30 determines the parameters to be used in encoding thecurrent frame, including the quantization scales, and performs theactual encoding of the frame. The input signals applied to the means arethe output signal S12 from the resolution switch controller 10, theoutput signal S13 from frame statistics gatherer means 50, the outputsignal S15 from resolution reduction means 20 and the output signal S14from the frame statistics computer means 80. The aforementioned outputsignal S12 contains the resolution switch decision determined by theresolution switch controller 10.

As mentioned before, it is significant if the difference in thestatistics of frames are at different resolutions (even if the framesare otherwise similar), hence if the resolution of the current frame isdifferent from the immediately preceding frame the coding means shouldmake suitable selections of the encoding parameters. An exemplaryembodiment of the selection is to consider a resolution switch to be a‘resolution scene-change’, and to code the current framenon-predictively in the above scenario.

Further, since the ‘resolution scene-change’ may not be a ‘true’ scenechange (in that the frames may be similar at their originalresolutions), the bit allocation and the quantizer scale selectionshould be lower than the corresponding selections in the event of a‘true’ scene-change (that is, a scene change not caused by a change inresolution). The dependence of the coding means on the resolution switchdecision is an important advantage of the present invention.

The output signal S13 carries the statistical information of a pluralityof preceding frames from the frame statistics gatherer means 50. Theaforementioned output signal S15 carries the frame output of theresolution reduction means 20, this may either be the original currentframe or it may be the current frame at a reduced resolution. Theaforementioned output signal S14 carries the statistical information ofthe current frame from the frame statistics computer means 80. The codermeans 30 makes a prudent selection of the encoding parameters byutilizing the information contained in the above signals and thenencodes the current frames using the encoding parameters. The output ofthe coder means 30 is the encoded digital video bitstream.

FIG. 3A illustrates a further embodiment of the present invention thatrelates to a method for predictively encoding digital video sequences,wherein the method comprises the step 302 of dynamically selecting theresolution of a current frame being encoded, the selection being basedon statistical and coding information of a plurality of frames. Further,the selection step includes analyzing the statistical and codinginformation from at least one previous frame and the current frame, thestatistical information including scene-change information and estimatedmotion information, and the coding information including a measure ofthe quantization used by the frames and a measure of the availability ofbits. The method further comprises the step 304 of selecting encodingparameters and at step 306 encoding a current frame at a chosenresolution, wherein the selection procedure takes into account theoutput of the dynamic resolution selection step in determining theencoding parameters. Finally, a step 308 the method outputs an encodeddigital video bitstream.

A yet further embodiment of the present invention relates to a computerprogram product for predictively encoding digital video sequences,comprising a computer-usable medium carrying thereon the means fordynamically selecting the resolution of the current frame being encoded,the selection being based on the statistical and coding information of aplurality of frames, including at least one previous frame and thecurrent frame. The statistical information includes scene-changeinformation and estimated motion information, wherein, the codinginformation includes a measure of the quantization used by the framesand a measure of the availability of bits. Further, the computer programproduct comprises a means for selecting encoding parameters and encodinga current frame at a chosen resolution, the means taking into accountthe output of the means for dynamically selecting the resolution of thecurrent frame being encoded in determining the encoding parameters.

FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary embodiment of the resolution switchcontroller 10 that may be utilized within the present invention. Theinput signals and statistics utilized by the resolution switchcontroller 10 for determining whether a switch in resolution isrequired, in the preferred embodiment are as follows: Input signal S100carries the predicted value of the quantization scale for the currentframe from the frame statistics computer 80. The signal S101 carries avalue, from the frame statistic gatherer 50, which is a measure of thequantization scales used to encode a plurality of preceding frames. Forexample, the value can be generated by computing a rolling average ofthe quantization scales used to encode the preceding frames. Signal S102carries a value, from the frame statistic gatherer 50, which is ameasure of the amount of motion in a plurality of preceding frames. Thevalue can be generated by computing a function dependent on the rollingaverage of the motion vector magnitudes and the energy of the residualobtained by differencing each frame from the motion compensated previousframe. Signal S103 carries information regarding the decoder bufferlevel, from the frame statistic gatherer 50. Signal S104 carries anestimate of the motion in the current frame, from the frame statisticcomputer 80. Signal S105 carries the frame numbers of one or morepreceding frames which marked scene-changes, wherein the frame-number ofonly that frame which marked the latest scene-change is used. SignalS106 carries the frame number of the current frame. Signal S107 is abinary signal, which is set high if the current frame number is equal toone and is set low otherwise. The signals S106 and S107 can be generatedby the frame statistic computer 80. The signals S106 and S107 can alsobe generated by a separate frame counter. Signal S108 is a binarysignal, which is set high if the resolution used to encode theimmediately preceding frame was high and is set low otherwise. In thepresent embodiment, signal S108 is generated by the resolutionstatistics gatherer 40.

The input binary signal S107 is applied to the multiplexer 120 to selectbetween signals S100 and S101. Thus if the frame number of the currentframe is equal to 1, that is, if the current frame is the first framebeing encoded, the output signal S111 of the multiplexer 120 is set tothe predicted quantizer scale value signal S100. If the predictedquantizer scale value for the first frame is inordinately high, it maybe anticipated that the coding complexity of the video will be high, andhence it is better to start coding at a low resolution. This solves theproblem created by not having a statistical history to refer to, whilecoding the first frame. If the current frame is not the first framebeing encoded the output of the multiplexer 120 is set to the valuesignal S101, which is computed on the basis of the quantization scalevalues of a plurality of preceding frames.

The input signals S102 and S104 are applied to the motion computer 140.The motion computer 140 combines the values carried by signal S102(motion estimate of preceding frames) and signal S104 (motion estimateof current frame) and generates a new motion estimate, which therebycombines the motion estimates of the preceding frames as well as thecurrent frame. Since the new motion estimate takes the motion of thecurrent frame into account, it is more representative of the currentmotion characteristics of the video sequence than a measure based onlyon preceding frames. At the same time, since the estimate also takesinto account the motion statistics of a plurality of preceding frames,it is less likely to be rendered inaccurate by short-lived temporaldisturbances (such as random noise) in the video stream. The motionestimate is carried by output signal S110.

The high-to-low switch controller 100 implements the decision ofswitching the resolution from high resolution to low resolution. In thepreferred embodiment the high-to-low switch controller 100 consists ofthree comparators 101, 102 and 103, as shown in FIG. 4, AND gate 104 andthe OR gate 105. The inputs to the high-to-low switch controller 100 arethe signals S111, S103 and S110. The comparator 101 compares thequantization scale estimate Q, available on signal S111, to apredetermined threshold T_(Q) and it's output is set high if Q>T_(Q).The comparator 102 compares the motion estimate M, available on signalS110, to a predetermined threshold T_(M) and it's output is set high ifM>T_(M). The comparator 103 compares the decoder buffer level B_(dec),available on signal S103, to a predetermined threshold T_(B) and it'soutput is set high if B_(dec)<T_(B). The outputs of comparators 101 and102 are passed through the AND gate 104 and the result is ORed with theoutput of comparator 103. The output signal S120 of the OR gate 105signifies the decision taken by the high-to-low switch controller, Ifthe output is high, the resolution should be switched from highresolution to low resolution. Thus, in the preferred embodiment thehigh-to-low switch controller implements the following criterion switchfrom high resolution to low resolution if the following condition C₁evaluates to true.C ₁ ={{Q>T _(Q)}&&{M>T _(M) }}II{B _(dec) <T _(B)}

C₁ will be true if either the decoder buffer level is dangerously low orif both the quantization scale and the amount of motion are high. Thisreflects the relationship between quantization distortion (caused byencoding at high quantization scale), blurring distortion (caused byencoding at low resolution) and motion-blurring distortion is preferableto quantization distortion if the motion is high enough to mask theeffects of blurring distortion.

Hence, if the quantization distortion is very high, it is advisable toswitch to low resolution but only if the amount of motion is high enoughto mask the resultant blurring distortion. However, in the event thatthe decoder buffer level is very low, it is better to switch to lowresolution regardless of the motion and quantization, since a decoderbuffer underflow causes far more severe distortion effects than eitherof the abovementioned distortions.

The low-to-high switch controller 110 implements the decision ofswitching the resolution from low resolution to high resolution. Thelow-to-high switch controller 110 consists of three comparators 111, 112and 113 and the AND gate 114. The inputs to the low-to-high switchcontroller 110 are the signals S11, S103, S105, S106 and S110. Thecomparator 111 computes the function Q.M², where Q and M are asaforementioned, and compares the value of this function to a presetthreshold T_(QM) and sets it's output high if Q.Mz<T_(Q). The comparator112 compares the current frame number, which information is available onS106, with the frame number at which the last scene change occurred,which information is available on S105. The output of the comparator 112is set high if F_(curr)−F_(se)>T_(se), where F_(curr) refers to theframe number of the current frame, F_(se) refers to the frame number atwhich the last scene change occurred and T_(se) refers to a fixed presetthreshold. The comparator 113 compares the decoder buffer level B_(dec),available on S103, to a predetermined threshold T_(B2) and it's outputis set high if B_(dec)>T_(B2) The outputs of comparators 111, 112 and113 are passed through the AND gate 114. The output S121 of gate 114signifies the decision taken by the low-to-high switch controller 110.If the output is high, the resolution is to be switched from lowresolution to high resolution. The low-to-high switch controller 110implements a switch from low resolution to high resolution if thefollowing condition C2 evaluates to true.C ₂={Q.M² >T _(QM)}&&{B _(dec) >T _(B2)}&&{F _(curr) −F _(sc) >T _(sc)}

C₂ is a significantly different criterion from C₁. As noted before, thisis because the motivation for switching from low-resolution tohigh-resolution mode fundamentally differs from the motivation for doingthe inverse operation. When deciding to switch from low-resolution tohigh resolution mode, it is of primary importance to ensure that apersistent high-resolution mode will be achieved so that subsequently itwill not be required to revert back to low-resolution mode. Hence, thedecision is only taken if every individual statistic consideredindicates that encoding in high-resolution mode can be sustained, atleast for the foreseeable future. A low value of the function Q.M²indicates that the quantization scale and motion estimates are both low.

Low values of the statistics indicate that it is preferable to coding athigh resolution. The reason Q.M² is preferred to the product Q.M is thatthe motion estimate is typically found to be a more reliable andaccurate parameter on which to base a resolution switch decision. A highvalue of B_(dec) indicates that the decoder buffer level is sufficientlyhigh, such that coding at high resolution will not deplete the decoderbuffer level to dangerously low levels in the near future. Finally, ahigh value of F_(curr)−F_(sc) indicates that a sufficient amount of timehas passed since the last scene change.

This is required because gradual scene-changes often occur over severalframes and the frames typically require a large amount of bits toencode. As such, it is inadvisable to switch out of low-resolution modeduring the frames, because of the danger of quick reversion back tolow-resolution mode. The condition C₂ therefore requires that theproduct Q.M² be low and that the decoder buffer level be sufficientlyhigh and that a sufficient amount of time have elapsed since the lastscene-change occurred. By themselves, any one of the three comparisonsis not enough to ensure persistence of a high-resolution mode if aswitch is effected. However, if all three comparisons hold, it isreasonable assumption that a persistent high-resolution mode can beachieved if a switch is effected.

The signals S120 and S121 are applied to the multiplexer 130, which iscontrolled by the binary input signal S108. When S108 set high, that isif the resolution used to encode the immediately preceding frame washigh, then the signal S120 appears on the output S122 of the multiplexer130.

Conversely when S108 is set low, that is if the resolution used toencode the immediately preceding frame was low, then the signal S121appears on the output of the multiplexer 130. The output S122 is thefinal output of the resolution switch controller 10. When the output ishigh the resolution at which the video stream is being encoded is to beswitched, that is, if the resolution of the preceding frame was high,then the resolution of the current frame will be low and vice versa.

FIG. 5 shows an exemplary embodiment of the frame statistic computermeans 80. The inputs applied to the frame statistic computer means 80are the input signals S200 and S201. The input signal S200 carries thecurrent frame from the current frame extracter means 70. The inputsignal S201 carries a previous frame from the frame buffer means 90. Theexemplary embodiment of the frame statistic computer means 80incorporates a scene change detector means 200 to which the signals S200and S201 are applied. The scene change detector means 200 determines ifthe current frame marks a scene-change by comparing its statistics,including the frame mean and inter-pixel difference, to thecorresponding statistics of the previous frame.

The output S210 of the scene change detector means 200 is applied to thescene-change history buffer 60 and the coder means 30. The embodiment ofthe frame statistic computer 80 further incorporates a motion estimatormeans 210 to which the signals S200 and S201 are applied. The motionestimator means 210 computes an estimate of the motion between theprevious frame and the current frame by examining motion statisticsincluding the energy of the motion-compensated residual. The output S210of the motion estimator means 210 is applied to the resolution switchcontroller means 10 and the frame statistic gatherer means 50. The framestatistic computer 80 further incorporates a quantization scalepredictor means 220 to which the signals S200 and S201 are applied. Thequantization scale predictor means 220 estimates the expectedquantization scale that will be needed to code the current frame, whichestimate is based on current and previous frame statistics, includingthe frame complexity of the previous and current frames and the numberof bits required to code the previous frame. The estimate is output viasignal S212 and is applied to the resolution switch controller 10 to beused in determining the encoding resolution as discussed above.

The frame statistic computer 80 further incorporates an inter-pixeldifference computer means 230 to which the signal S200 is applied. Theinter-pixel difference computer means 230 computes the averageinter-pixel difference for the current frame and outputs the statisticvia signal S213 to the coder means 30 and the frame statistic gatherermeans 50.

As an alternative, the exemplary embodiment can utilize the statisticsof a plurality of previous frames (wherein the statistics are availableat the frame statistic gatherer) to estimate the predicted quantizationscale and implement the scene-change detection. In addition, thealternative embodiment can compute additional statistics, including thevariance of the current frame, and transmit these statistics to thecoder means 30 and the resolution switch controller 10 for utilizationin encoding.

FIG. 6 shows an exemplary embodiment of the frame statistic gatherermeans 50. Prior to encoding the current frame, the frame statistics ofthe frame are carried to a delay latch, which delays the statistics byone frame duration before transmitting them to the frame statisticgatherer means 50. Further, immediately after the current frame has beenencoded the encoding parameters of the frame are applied directly to theframe statistic gatherer means 50. This is done immediately prior toencoding the next frame. Hence, the input signals to the frame statisticgatherer means 50 carry information about the frame statistics and theencoding parameters of the last encoded frame.

The statistical information is processed by the frame statisticsgatherer 50 and is transmitted to the resolution switch controller 10and the coder means 30 to be used as a-priori information in determiningthe encoding resolution and encoding parameters. In the exemplaryembodiment, the input to the frame statistic gatherer means 50 are theinput signals S300, S301, S302, S303 and S304. Signal S300 carriesinformation on the resolution at which the previous frame was encoded.This information is generated by the resolution statistics gatherermeans 40. Signals S301 and S303 carry information on the motion estimateof the previous frame and the mean inter-pixel difference of theprevious frame respectively. Both these signals are originally generatedby the frame statistic computer and pass through the delay latch beforebeing applied to the statistic gatherer. The motion information carriedon S301 is utilized by the rolling motion average means 310 to generatea new value of the rolling motion average.

Finally, signals S302 and S304 carry information about the encodingparameters used to encode the last encoded frame, namely the averagequantization scale used to encode the frame and the number of bits usedto encode the frame respectively. The signals are generated by the codermeans 30 and are directly applied to the frame statistics gatherer 50.The information on the signal S302 is used to compute a new value of therolling average by the rolling Q average means 320. The information onthe signal S304 is used to compute the new decoder buffer level by thebuffer level means 340.

It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that variousmodifications and variations can be made in the present inventionwithout departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Otherembodiments of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in theart from consideration of the specification and practice of theinvention disclosed herein. It is intended that the specification andexamples be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spiritof the invention being indicated by the following claims.

1-17. (canceled)
 18. The system of claim 26, wherein the decoder bufferfullness is determined by the measure of the availability of bits. 19.(canceled)
 20. The system of claim 18, wherein the coder means receivesthe output of the resolution switch controller means by coding thecurrent frame non-predictively if the resolution switch controller meansdetermines that the current frame be coded at a different resolutionthan the immediately preceding frame.
 21. The system of claim 18,wherein the coder means receives the output of the resolution switchcontroller means by coding the current frame in a combined predictiveand non-predictive fashion, with non-predictive coding favored, thedecision between predictive and non-predictive coding taken on the basisof frame statistics for a plurality of previous frames and the currentframe, if the resolution switch controller means determines that thecurrent frame be coded at a different resolution than the immediatelypreceding frame.
 22. The system of claim 21, wherein the statisticsinclude an estimate of the motion, the estimate being based on motioninformation including the energy of the motion-compensated residual ofthe current frame.
 23. The system of claim 26, wherein the functionalcriteria evaluated for determining if a high-to-low resolution switch beaffected is given by the following condition, the switch being affectedif the condition C₁ evaluates to TRUEC ₁ ={{Q>T _(Q)}&& AND {M>T _(M) }}H OR {B _(dec) <T _(B)} where Q is ameasure of the quantization scales used to encode a plurality ofprevious frames, M is a measure of the motion present in a plurality ofprevious frames and the current frame, B_(dec) is a measure of thedecoder buffer fullness and T_(Q), T_(M) and T_(B) are presetthresholds.
 24. The system of claim 23, wherein the quantization measureis based on a rolling average of the quantization scales of a pluralityof previous frames and the predicted quantization scale of the currentframe.
 25. The system of claim 23, wherein the quantization measure isbased on a rolling average of the quantization scales of a plurality ofprevious frames, further, the motion estimate is based on the rollingaverage of the motion measure of an individual frame, the measure beingbased on the energy of the motion-compensated residual of the frame andthe motion vector magnitudes for the frame.
 26. A system forpredictively encoding digital video sequences. comprising: a dynamicresolution switch controller means for dynamically selecting theresolution of the current frame being encoded, the selection being basedon the statistical and coding information of a plurality of frames: and,a coder means for selecting encoding parameters and encoding the currentframe at a chosen resolution, the coder means taking into account theoutput of the dynamic resolution switch controller means in determiningthe encoding parameters, wherein the dynamic resolution switchcontroller means further utilizes at least one previous frame and thecurrent frame, the statistical information including scene-changeinformation and estimated motion information, and the coding informationincluding a measure of the quantization used by the frames and a measureof the availability of bits, wherein the dynamic resolution is furtherbased on functional conditions based on the statistical and codinginformation, on the basis of which the resolution selection is performedare different for a low-to-high resolution switch as compared to ahigh-to-low resolution switch, wherein the functional criteria evaluatedfor determining if a low-to-high resolution switch be affected is givenby the following condition, the switch being affected if the conditionC₂ evaluates to TRUEC ₂ ={Q.M ₂ M ² >T _(QM)}&& AND {B _(dec) >T _(B2)}&& AND {F _(curr) −F_(SC) >T _(SC)} where Q is a measure of the quantization scales used toencode a plurality of previous frames, M is a measure of the motionpresent in a plurality of previous frames and the current frame, B_(dec)is a measure of the decoder buffer fullness, F_(curr) and F_(sc) are theframe numbers of the current frame and the last scene-change framerespectively and T_(QM), T_(B2) and T_(SC) are preset thresholds. 27.The system of claim 26, wherein the quantization measure is based on arolling average of the quantization scales of a plurality of previousframes and the predicted quantization scale of the current frame. 28.The system of claim 26, wherein the quantization measure is based on arolling average of the quantization scales of a plurality of previousframes, further, the motion estimate is based on the rolling average ofthe motion measure of an individual frame, the measure being based onthe energy of the motion-compensated residual of the frame and themotion vector magnitudes for the frame.
 28. (canceled)
 30. (canceled)31. A computer readable medium encoded with computer executableinstructions for predictively encoding digital video sequences, said setof computer executable instructions comprising: a computer readablemeans for dynamically selecting the resolution of the current framebeing encoded, the selection being based on the statistical and codinginformation of a plurality of frames, including at least one previousframe and the current frame; a computer readable means for selectingencoding parameters and encoding a current frame at a chosen resolution,the means talking into account the output of the means for dynamicallyselecting the resolution of the current frame being encoded indetermining the encoding parameters, wherein the statistical informationincludes scene-change information and estimated motion information, andthe coding information includes a measure of the quantization used bythe frames and a measure of the availability of bits, and, wherein thedynamic resolution is further based on functional conditions based onthe statistical and coding information, on the basis of which theresolution selection is performed are different for a low-to-highresolution switch as compared to a high-to-low resolution switch, themethod further comprising: determining if a low-to-high resolutionswitch being affected is given by the following condition, the switchbeing affected if the condition C₂ evaluates to TRUEC ₂ ={Q.M ² >T _(QM)}AND {B _(dec) >T _(B2)}AND {F _(curr) −F _(sc) >T_(sc)} where Q is a measure of the quantization scales used to encode aplurality of previous frames, M is a measure of the motion present in aplurality of previous frames and the current frame, B_(dec) is a measureof the decoder buffer fullness, where F_(curr) and F_(sc) are the framenumbers of the current frame and the last scene-change framerespectively and T_(QM). T_(B2) and T_(SC) are preset thresholds. 32.The computer readable medium encoded with computer executableinstructions of claim 31, wherein the statistical information includesscene-change information, and the coding information includes a measureof the quantization used by the frames and a measure of the availabilityof bits.
 33. The computer readable medium encoded with computerexecutable instructions of claim 31, wherein the means for dynamicallyselecting the resolution of the current frame being encoded furtherincludes the step of the statistical and coding information beinggenerated by a previous execution of the means for selecting encodingparameters and encoding the current frame at a chosen resolution. 34.The system of claim 26, wherein the scene-change detection is based onthe inter-pixel difference and frame mean of two successive frames.